Family disruption

Family disruption is a term referring to events that disrupt the structure of individual families. These events include divorce, legal separation, and parental death,^[1] out of home placement,^[2] and deployment.^[2] Researchers have been studying the effects on youth for decades. Some studies suggest that juveniles who have experienced more family disruptions are at a higher risk of delinquency,^[3]^[4] drug use,^[5] negative personality traits,^[1] anxiety,^[2] academic hardship,^[2] lack of social mobility,^[6] lack of personality development^[7] and depression in adulthood.^[8]

Effects of family disruption

Delinquency and drug use

Studies have associated family disruption to delinquency and drug use. According to a study conducted in 1999 by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) that studied the relationship between family types and levels of delinquency/drug use, the greater number of times children live through a divorce, the more delinquent they become.^[5] Family transitions put the children at an increased risk for conflict and behavioral problems.^[5] The data suggests that these constant changes stir up emotions that lead to wrongdoings.^[5]

Anxiety

Family disruption has been linked to anxiety and depression in various studies. A study conducted in Rochester, NY compared levels of anxiety and depression in elementary children with married and unmarried parents and found that children with divorced parents have a much higher risk of anxiety.^[9] These children of divorce face a period of change and uncertainty which disrupts their sense of security.^[9] Researchers believe divorce brings upon heightened concerns of security, loyalty, and fears of losing a parent. In addition, high levels of anxiety have a greater potential of impacting behavior and success in school.^[9]

Education

Family disruption has been shown to influence academic achievement. In a study conducted in Detroit, researchers followed the lives of hundreds of adolescent participants, measuring how their various family types impact education.^[10] Results show that children had a higher academic performance in households with married parents.^[10] In addition, the study revealed that the father's involvement in the child's schoolwork played a critical role in increasing performance.^[10]

In contrast, a 2009 Norwegian study reported very little association between family disruption and educational achievement.^[11] In this study, researchers expected to find a correlation due to the potential lack of parenting and academic involvement.^[11]

Personality development

Studies have shown that family disruption impacts personality development. In an analysis on a longitudinal survey from 1970, researchers found that self-esteem, high sense of control over one's own life, and low behavioral problems positively develop between the ages 10–16.^[7] However, the results showed that children who experience a family disruption between these ages make less progress, experiencing lower self esteem, a low sense of control over their lives, and more behavioral problems.^[7] Researchers also found that the older the children experience a family disruption, the less detrimental these effects are.^[7]

Social mobility

A study conducted at the University of Southern California and the University of Washington in 1993, found that family disruption impacts boys’ social and economic development into adulthood.^[6] Men who experienced family disruptions lacked opportunities to move to the upper class and acquire inheritable wealth. These parents lose the ability to positively impact their sons’ adjustment in their professional life.^[6]

Depression

Research has shown that divorce greatly impacts depression into adulthood. A study measuring the lifetime impact of a mother's divorce on her offspring found that adults ran twice the risk of depression if their families were separated by age 7 compared to families with married parents.^[8] The risk of depression increased if the participants lived through immense tension between their parents.^[8] The high risk of depression is certain, however, researchers are unsure if it is attributable to the parental conflict or the act of the parents separating.^[8] Depression with suicidal ideation is also common.^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b Prevoo, Tyas (December 2014). "The Effect of Family Disruption on Children's Personality Development: Evidence from British Longitudinal Data* (IZA Discussion Paper)" (PDF). IZA.org. IZA Institute of Labor Economics.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Stanick, Cameo F.; Crosby, Lindsay K.; McDonald, Molly K. (2017), Goldstein, Sam; DeVries, Melissa (eds.), "Family Disruption", Handbook of DSM-5 Disorders in Children and Adolescents, Springer International Publishing, pp. 583–595, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57196-6_30, ISBN 978-3-319-57196-6
^ Sampson, Robert J. (September 1987). "Urban Black Violence: The Effect of Male Joblessness and Family Disruption" (PDF). American Journal of Sociology. 93 (2): 348–382. doi:10.1086/228748. S2CID 144729803.
^ Blumstein, Alfred (1986). Criminal Careers and "Career Criminals,". Vol. II. National Academy of Sciences. p. 45. ISBN 9780309036832.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Thornberry, Terence P.; Smith, Carolyn A.; Rivera, Craig; Huizinga, David; Stouthamer-Loeber, Magda (September 1999). "Family Disruption and Delinquency" (PDF). Juvenile Justice Bulletin – via U.S. Department of Justice.
^ ^a ^b ^c Biblarz, Timothy J.; Raftery, Adrian E. (February 1993). "The Effects of Family Disruption on Social Mobility"(PDF). American Sociological Review. 58, No. 1: 97–109 –via JSTOR.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Prevoo, T., & Weel, B. (2015). The Effect of Family Disruption on Children’s Personality Development: Evidence from British Longitudinal Data. De Economist, 163(1), 61-93.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Gilman, Stephen E.; Kawachi, Ichiro; Fitzmaurice, Garrett M.; Buka, Stephen L. (May 2003). "Family Disruption in Childhood and Risk of Adult Depression". American Journal of Psychiatry. 160 (5): 939–946. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.939. PMID 12727699.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hoyt, L.; Cowen, E.; Pedro-Carroll, J.; Alpert-Gillis, L. (1990). "Anxiety and Depression in Young Children of Divorce". Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 19 (1): 26–32. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp1901_4.
^ ^a ^b ^c Somers, C., Chiodo, L., Yoon, J., Ratner, H., Barton, E., & Delaney-Black, V. (2011). Family Disruption and Academic Functioning in Urban, Black Youth. Psychology in the Schools, 48(4), 357-370.
^ ^a ^b Fiona Steele; Wendy Sigle-Rushton; Øystein Kravdal (2009). "Consequences of Family Disruption on Children's Educational Outcomes in Norway". Demography. 46 (3): 553–574. doi:10.1353/dem.0.0063. PMC 2831341. PMID 19771944.

[prevoo-1] Prevoo, Tyas (December 2014). "The Effect of Family Disruption on Children's Personality Development: Evidence from British Longitudinal Data* (IZA Discussion Paper)" (PDF). IZA.org. IZA Institute of Labor Economics.

[:0-2] Stanick, Cameo F.; Crosby, Lindsay K.; McDonald, Molly K. (2017), Goldstein, Sam; DeVries, Melissa (eds.), "Family Disruption", Handbook of DSM-5 Disorders in Children and Adolescents, Springer International Publishing, pp. 583–595, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57196-6_30, ISBN 978-3-319-57196-6

[3] Sampson, Robert J. (September 1987). "Urban Black Violence: The Effect of Male Joblessness and Family Disruption" (PDF). American Journal of Sociology. 93 (2): 348–382. doi:10.1086/228748. S2CID 144729803.

[4] Blumstein, Alfred (1986). Criminal Careers and "Career Criminals,". Vol. II. National Academy of Sciences. p. 45. ISBN 9780309036832.

[:2-5] Thornberry, Terence P.; Smith, Carolyn A.; Rivera, Craig; Huizinga, David; Stouthamer-Loeber, Magda (September 1999). "Family Disruption and Delinquency" (PDF). Juvenile Justice Bulletin – via U.S. Department of Justice.

[:1-6] Biblarz, Timothy J.; Raftery, Adrian E. (February 1993). "The Effects of Family Disruption on Social Mobility"(PDF). American Sociological Review. 58, No. 1: 97–109 –via JSTOR.

[:6-7] Prevoo, T., & Weel, B. (2015). The Effect of Family Disruption on Children’s Personality Development: Evidence from British Longitudinal Data. De Economist, 163(1), 61-93.

[:5-8] Gilman, Stephen E.; Kawachi, Ichiro; Fitzmaurice, Garrett M.; Buka, Stephen L. (May 2003). "Family Disruption in Childhood and Risk of Adult Depression". American Journal of Psychiatry. 160 (5): 939–946. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.939. PMID 12727699.

[:4-9] Hoyt, L.; Cowen, E.; Pedro-Carroll, J.; Alpert-Gillis, L. (1990). "Anxiety and Depression in Young Children of Divorce". Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 19 (1): 26–32. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp1901_4.

[:7-10] Somers, C., Chiodo, L., Yoon, J., Ratner, H., Barton, E., & Delaney-Black, V. (2011). Family Disruption and Academic Functioning in Urban, Black Youth. Psychology in the Schools, 48(4), 357-370.

[:3-11] Fiona Steele; Wendy Sigle-Rushton; Øystein Kravdal (2009). "Consequences of Family Disruption on Children's Educational Outcomes in Norway". Demography. 46 (3): 553–574. doi:10.1353/dem.0.0063. PMC 2831341. PMID 19771944.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]